THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:

THE BRAIN IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGAN IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM .ITS CONTROLS ALL THE OTHER ORGANS,MUSCLESIN OUR BODY .THE NERVOUS SYSTEM     CONNECTS THE BRAIN TO THE ORGANS,MUSCLES AND SKIN THROUGH NERVES,WHITCH ARE CONNECTED TO THE SPINAL CORD.

THE BRAIN.

WHEN OUR BRAIN RECEIVES INFORMATION ITS SENDS A MESSAGES TO THE BODY. IF OUR HANDS TOUCHES A HOT OBJECT,NERVES IN OUR SKIN TELL OUR BRAIN TELL OUR BRAIN.THEN THE BRAIN TELLS THE MUSCLES IN OUR HAND TO MOVE.

THE SPINAL CORD:

THE SPINAL CORD CONNECTS THE BRAIN TO THE REST OF THE BODY.THIS CORD IS MADE UP OF NERVE TISSUE,FORMINGA LONG THICK TUBE

NERVES:

NERVES CONNECT THE SPINAL CORD TO OUR MUSCLES.SENSORY NERVES RECEIVE MASSAGES FROM THE MUSCLES.MOTOR NERVES TRANSMIT MESSAGES OUR BRAIN SENDS TO THE MUSCLES.THIS RESULTS IN MOVEMENT,OR A PHYSICAL REACTION,SUCH AS SZEATING.

HOW DOES THE BRAIN WORK?

THE CEREBRUM ITS CONTROLS OUR INTELIGENCE,MEMORY,PERSONALITY,EMOTION, SPEECH AND MOVE.

THE CEREBRLLUM IS RESPONSABLE FOR BALANCE,MOVEMENT,AND CORDINATION.

THE BRAINSTEM COORDINATES ALL THE MESSAGES GOONG IN AND OUT OF THE BRAIN TO AND  FROM THE SPINAL CORD.ITS ALSO CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT,SUCH AS BREATHING DIGESTION,OR OUR HEARTBEAT.

HOW DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK?

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF NEURONS.THERE‘RE MILLIONS OF NEURONS IN OUR BRAIN.NEURONS  RECEIVE  AND TRANSMIT MESSAGES FROM DIFFERENTS PARTS OF THE BODY TO AND FROM THE BRAIN.

FELICIDAD

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system is the system in the human body that enables us to breathe.

The act of breathing includes:

• Inhaling and exhaling air in the body.
• The absorption of oxygen from the air in order to produce energy.
• The discharge of carbon dioxide, which is the byproduct of the process.

The exchange of gases takes place through the membrane of the pulmonary alveolus, which always contains air: oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood capillaries of the action of the heart circulates it through all the tissues in the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide is transmitted from the blood capillaries into the alveoli and then expelled through the bronchi and upper respiratory tract.

  

The inner surface of the lungs where the exchange of gases takes place is very large , due to the structure the air sacs of the alveoli.

THE ACT OF BREATHING

During inhalation - the muscles contract:

Contraction of the diaphragm muscle - causes the diaphragm to flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.

Contraction of the rib muscles - causes the ribs to rise, thus increasing the chest volume.

The chest cavity espands thus reducing air pressure and causing air to be passively drawn into the lungs. Air passes from the high pressure outside the lungs to the low pressure inside the lungs.

During exhalation - the muscles relax:

• The muscles are no longer contracting, they are relaxed.
• The diaphragm curves and rises, the ribs descend - and chest volume decreases.

• The chest cavity contracts thus increasing air pressure and causing the air in the lungs to be expelled through the upper respiratory track. Exhalation, too, is passive. Air passes from the high pressure in the lungs to the low pressure in the upper respiratory tract.

Parts

• Lungs
• Trachea
• Brochiole
• Alveoi
• Bronchus
• Nasal cavity
• Oral cavity
• Nostril
• Larynx
• Pharynx

The structures of the respiratory system interact with structures of the skeletal, circulatory, and muscular systems to help you smell, speak, and move oxygen into your bloodstream and waste out of it.

Fun facts:

• Only about 21% of room air is oxygen.

• We lose 12 oz. (1 oz. is similary to 28 gr.) of water daily through respiration.

• Adults  breathe about 12-15 times per minute while newborns breathe about 30-60 times per minute.

• Mouth breathers tend to have more illnesses, sore throast and ear infections, this is thought to occur because the air is not filtered by nose first.

• Your left lung is often smoller than the right to allow room for the heart.

I hope you like it!

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PARTS:

• Mouth: digestión stars in the mouth. Then the teeth crush the food and then mix it with saliva.
• Esophagus: the food traverls down the esophagus to the stomach.
• Stomach: in the stomach, the food mixes with gastric juices.
•  Liver: the liver produces a liquid called bile that helps break down food.
• Small Intestine: the food goes into the small intestine. Here it mixes with bile from the liver. Nutrients are absorbed here and they pass into the blood.
• Large intestine: the undigestied food passes into the large intestine. There it´s transformed into feaces.
• Rectum: finally, the feaces pass through the rectum and leave the body though the anus.

 

ILLNES:

• Constipation: when people have hard stools or have problems passing stools.
•  Diarrhea: Diarrhea is when you pass loose or watery stool.
• Gallstones: are hard deposits that form inside the gallbladder. Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.
•  Hepatits B: Hepatitis B is irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the liver due to infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

RELATIONSHIP:

1. Relationship with the respiratory system starts with that the upper part of both are the mouth and the pharynx, the digestive system uses the mouth and pharynx to chew food into smaller particles and swallow so the food can be digested and nutrients can be excreted. The respiratory system uses the mouth and pharynx to breath in oxygen and sen it to the lung.
2. Circulatory System: the digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the absorbed nutrients distributed through your body. The circulatory system also carries chemical signals from your endocrine system that control the speed of digestion.
3. Excretory System: the digestive system also works in parallel with your excretory system (kidneys and urination). While the digestive system collects and removes undegisted solids, the excretory system filters compounds from the blood stream and collects them in urine. They are closely connected in controlling the amount of water in your body.

FUNCTION:

The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body. The digestive system is divided into two major parts: The digestive tract (alimentary canal) is a continuous tube with two openings: the mouth and the anus.

                CIRCULATORY 
                               SYSTEM
HOW DOES IT WORK ??
The circulatory system is a system that manage our body's and passes the blood and the nutrients to the vessels and the blood vessels help us to live, because the blood are necesary to the organs and to the heart.

PARTS:
There are someone of parts of the circulatory system
1- Aorta. 2- Pulmonary arteries. 3- Descending aorta. 4- Femoral artery.
5- Superior vena cava. 6- Pulmonary veins. 7- Inferior vena cava. 8- Femoral vein. 9- Veins. 10- Arteries and capillares.

VEINS:
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from tissues back to the heart.

VARICOSE AND SPIDER VEINS:
The varicose and spider veins are swollen, twisted veins that usually appear on the legs, but also can form in other parts of the body.

EXAMPLES OF THE VARICOSE VEINS:
1-Hemorroids
2-Varicles

WHY ARE THEY FORMED??
Varicose veins form because the valves in the veins that should prevent blood from flowing backwards are not working as they should.the increased amount of blood in the vein pushes against the vein walls, and the vein gets bigger.

TYPES OF VEINS:
Arteries, Capillares ,Varicose and Spider.

ARTERIES:
Arteries carry oxigen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues. They branch several times, becoming smaller and smaller as they carry blood farter from the heart and into organs.

CAPILLARES:
These are small, thin blood vessels that conect yhe arteries and the veins. Their thin walls allow oxigen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products pass to and from cells.

ILLNESES OF THE CIRCULATORY STSTEM:
There are no symptoms with high blood pressure, wich is why it's often called
''THE SILENT KILLER''.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
Also kown as hardening of the arteries, occurs when plaque builds up on the walls of your arteries and evetually bloks of flow.Plaque is made of choresterol, fat, and calcium.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE:
Indicates that the plaque buildup in your arteries has caused the arteries to narrow and harden. Blood clots can further blook the arteries.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A VEIN BECOMES OBSTRUCTED ??
Of the vascular diseases the most common is atherosclerosis, that is, fat caps that obstruct the veins and arteries, mainly the arteries, because they handle a high pressure blood flow and are more seriously affected. That is when there is a loss of blood flow to the organs.
Over the years, we can all acumulate a little fat in the arteries. However, when there is significant deficit of oxigen.
There are circumstances of risk that can cause the arteries to be in this way:
high blood pressure, high blood choresterol levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity, stress, sedentary livestyle, as well as hereditary factors.










WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A CHILDREN SUCK THEIR ARMS AND THEV GET PURPLE AND RED??
What happens is that the blood acumulates in the plie of the suking and pick a little of color, usually lats at most a week and oftenhappens to children aged two to four years.

IN THE VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE, VALVES ATRIO-VENTRICULAR CELLS ARE CLOSED, WHERE DOES THE BLOOD COME FROM??
For the pulmonary arteries and the aorta.

WHAT ARE THE CAVITIES OF THE HEART??
Ventricle left and right, atrium left and right.

WHAT HAPPENS DURING DIASTOLE??
The heart dilates and fills with blood.

WHAT IS THE MAJOR CIRCULATION??
Is the one that goes from the right ventricle to the left atrium.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

                            RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM

How does it work?

The respiratory system is made up of the organs and other parts that control breathing. Its most important job is to bring oxygen into your body and get rid of carbon dioxide. But, your respiratory system also helps you make noises. When you breathe, air moves over your vocal cords and causes them to vibrate.

Parts

                     

Nasal cavity: The nasal cavity is the inside of your nose. It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won't get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.

Nostril: either of two external openings of the nasal cavity in vertebrates that admit air to the lungs and smells to the olfactory nerves.

Oral cavity: the part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates and below by the tongue and by the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the mandible.

Pharynx: the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus.

Larynx: It's a tube about 2 inches (5cm) long in adults. It sits above the windpipe (trachea) in the neck and in front of the food pipe. The food pipe in the upper part of the neck is called the pharynx.

Trachea: It's a tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch in diameter in most people. The trachea begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the breastbone (sternum). The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi: one bronchus for each lung.

The trachea is composed of about 20 rings of tough cartilage. The back part of each ring is made of muscle and connective tissue. 

Bronchus: is a passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs. The first bronchi to branch from the trachea are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus.

Lungs: are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.

Diaphragm: is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. 

ILLNESSES

Asthma

Asthma is defined as a common, chronic respiratory condition that causes difficulty breathing due to inflammation of the airways. Asthma symptoms include dry cough, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Dr. Meyer says there is a major connection between environmental allergies and asthma. Allergic reactions, infections and pollution can all trigger an asthma attack.

Lung Cancer

Most often, the cancer develops in the main part of the lungs near the air sacs. DNA mutations in the lungs cause irregular cells to multiply and create an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, or a tumor. These tumors interfere with the regular functions of the lungs.

The most common risk factor for lung cancer is cigarette smoke. Other risk factors include radon exposure, workplace exposure, including asbestos and diesel fumes, secondhand smoke, air pollution and radiation exposure from frequent CT scans of the chest.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by an infection in the air sacs in the lungs. The infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal. Most people can recover in one to three weeks, but for certain people, pneumonia can be extremely serious and even life-threatening.

          

Emphysema

Emphysema is a serious respiratory disease, which is another form of COPD. The most common cause is smoking. Those who suffer from emphysema have trouble exhaling air from their lungs. Cigarette smoke damages the air sacs in the lungs to a point where they can no longer repair themselves.     

Pulmonary fibrosis

is a lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it more difficult for your lungs to work properly. As pulmonary fibrosis worsens, you become progressively more short of breath.

   

                           

Interesting facts

1. Hairs in the nose help clean and warm the air we breathe.
2. Women and children breathe at a faster rate than men.
3. Lungs are the only human organ that can float in water! Each of your lungs contains about 300 million balloon-like structures called alveoli, which replace the carbon-dioxide waste in your blood with oxygen. When these structures are filled with air, they make lungs float.
4. Your left lung is smaller than your right (which leaves room for your heart!)
5. A person at rest usually breathes between 12 to 15 times a minute. Newborns up to 6 weeks breathe between 30 to 60 times per minute!
6. The word "Lung" originates from 13th century European language, it means "light" which refers to the weight of the organ when considering its size. (because there is so much air in there, and air is light!

VIDEO

Excretory sistem

The excretory system 
Is the system of the body that performs the function of excretion, the process in which the waste is expelled.

The  parts of the Excretory system are two  kidneys,Aorta,Bladder,Urethra,Renal Vain,Ureter.

The kidneys accumulate the waste that our body does not need, and once it has accumulated it transports it to the ureter.

The ureter carries waste from the kidneys to the bladder
And the Bladder expuls the wastes through the urethra.
                                                             illnesses

 There are some illness related to the excretory system, for example the nephrosis that is an illness, in wich the kiddneys doesnt filter the wastes correctly and it can make stones in youre kiddneys. And they can be solve with out medicines, but some other stones may be dangerous. 
The Nocturia is other illness that make you expuls the wastes in the night than in the day, it is caused by diabetes or drink alcohol. The solutions are to eat healthy food not to drink alcohol and to have a healthy boddy( doing sport, drink lot of water etc)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

          RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM        ⇨

                            WHAT IS IT?
The Respiratory System supplies the body with oxygen needed to extract the energy from the food we eat. It gets this oxygen from the air we breathe. When we breathe this air out , we expel the waste carbon dioxide produced by the body .
                        
                               HOW DOES IT WORK?
When we breathe in , air is inhaled through the nose and mouth. Air that passes through the nose gets warm and filtered. From the nose and mouth , the air goes through the windpipe and then to the lungs .
Towards the end , the windpipe branches into two pipes called bronchi , with one enterning each lung. In the lungs , the bronchi branch into tiny tubes called bronchial tubes.
The air passes through these tubes and is absorbed into the billions of air sacs that make up the lungs. Each air sac is like a thin-walled balloon. Oxygen from the air easily passes into the blood vessels on the other side of these thin walls.
At the same time , waste carbon dioxide from the blood passes into the air sacs , from where it is exhaled out of the body with the remaining air.

                                PARTS

                               Illnesses

this are some of the disease:

1. Pneumoconiosis →A disease caused by infiltration in the respiratory system of dust from mineral substances (iron, carbon) or vegetables (pollen, coffee).

2. Epistaxis→ cause nasal hemorrhage.

3. Cystic Fibrosis → a disease that cause lungs and sometimes digestive problems. It causes fluids to acumulate in some organs of the body, especially the lungs and pancreas.

                             EXPERIMENT

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Parts

Nose:

The nose is the only part of the respiratory system that is visible externally and is the route for air entry into the respiratory system.

Mouth:


The opening in the face of a person or animal, consisting of the lips and the space between them.

Pharynx:

The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity.

Larynx:

Larynx, also called voice box, a hollow, tubular structure.

Trachea:

The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx.

Bronchi and Bronchioles:

Bronchi are the main passageway into the lungs.

Lungs:

The lungs are the center of the respiratory (breathing) system.

Muscles of Respiration:

The muscles of respiration are those muscles that contribute to inhalation and exhalation.


How does it work respiratory system?

The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which function to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe. The gas exchange process is performed by the lungs and respiratory system. Air, a mix of oxygen and other gases, is inhaled. In the throat, the trachea, or windpipe, filters the air.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is an internal transport system used by living beings to transport nutritive elements into their organism. In the human being the circulatory system is constituted by a fluid called blood, a set   of conduits (arteries, veins, capillaries) and a driving pump that is the heart.

                                            

PARTS:

• ·         Superior vena cava
• ·         Pulmonary veins
• ·         Aorta
• ·         Pulmonary arteries
• ·         Inferior vena cava
• ·         Descending aorta
• ·         Femoral vein
• ·         Femoral artery

HOW DOES IT WORK?

The heart pumps blood and sends it all over the body through the veins arteries and capillaries.

The heart is a muscular structure that contracts regularly and keeps blood in constant movement within the blood vessels. The blood contains red blood cells rich in hemoglobin that transports oxygen to all the cells in the body.

ILNESES:

Diseases and conditions of the respiratory system fall into two categories: viruses, such as influenza, bacterial pneumonia, enterovirus respiratory virus; and chronic diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

DISIES THAT AFFECT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

ANEURYSM:

​An aneurysm is a small bulge shaped balloon and filled with blood that forms on the walls of blood vessels.

TUMORS:

In a restricted sense, a tumor is any mass or lump that is due to an increase in the number of cells that make it up. If this cell growth has its origin in several cells (polyclonal) we speak of hyperplasia and if it is a cell neoformation that has its origin in a single cell (monoclonal) we call it neoplasia regardless of whether they are benign or malignant in function of his ability or not to infiltrate the tissues that surround him.

                             

                              DIGESTIVE    SYSTEM

Parts of the Digestive System.

It is a long tube from the mouth to the anus, in the middle there are many important parts and organs:

Mouth ( tongue, teeth and salivary glands ), Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver and gallbladder, Pancreas, Small intestine ( duodenum, jejunum and lleum ), Large intestine ( cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon ), Rectum and Anus.

Main Functions.

We eat food ( lipids, fats, meat ), mainly it is digested in the stomach and small intestine. Our digestive system obtains energy for life. Also we produce digestive enzymes. These ones are released by our body. They help us making the digestion of food, for example amylase, lipase, protease ...

Enzyme	Reaction catalysed
Carbohydrase (eg amylase)	Starch → sugars
Protease	Protein → amino acids
Lipase	Fat → fatty acids + glycerol

Different enzymes are produced in different parts of the digestive system.

Enzyme	Where produced
Carbohydrase (eg amylase)	Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Protease	Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Lipase	Pancreas, small intestine

How is the digestion made?

Mouth. Food is chewed in smaller pieces with teeth and it is mixed with saliva from salivary glands. They produce amylase this enzyme is essential for the digestion of carbohydrates  ( bread, rice, pasta … ) into sugars, glucouse

Esophagus. We swallow the food through the esophagus to the stomach, it is a muscular tube.

Stomach. The shape is like the letter J. It is a food storage, here, food is mixed with gastric juices. Stomach produces chloridic acid and fat, in this organ are digested. Food is passed  along the small intestine.

   
Liver and Bile. The liver produces bile which is stored is the gallbladder. Bile reachs the small intestine (duodenum part) where it dissolves fat  ( oil, butter, bacon ….   )

Pancreas. It produces three enzymes : protease, lipase, carbohydrase that breaks down fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

Small intestine. ( Six meters long ). It works with help from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder to break down down  the food even more, all the sugars, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals can pass through the intestine into the blood. The inner surface of the small intestine is covered with villi, this increases the surface area to absorb the food. The blood transports and moves the nutrients and these reach the different parts of our body.

Large intestine. Water is absorbed.                                             

                                                           

  Rectum. Waste are stored here.

 Anus. Waste leave the body through the anus.

Interaction with other systems.

Muscular system. The tongue and facial muscles help us for chew the food. 

 

This image shows the muscle contractions into the esophagus. Peristalsis helps moving the bolus ( mixed food and saliva ) down the esophaugus to the stomach.

The next image shows three types of muscle layers in the stomach. This muscles interview in the digestion. We shallow and digest because we have muscles in the digestive tract.

Circulatory system.

We eat, we need energy for life. Digestive system breaks down food into nutrients and waste. Nutrients are transported for the smallest blood vessels ( capillaries ). Exchange of nutrients are made in the villi, small intestine.

Nervous  system. 

                                   

There is a second brain in our gut. You have feeling butterflies in the stomach, when you are excited. It is about 100 millions of nerves found of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and gallbladder. It is ENS ( enteric nervous system ). The ENS doesn’t speak and think but, it reports to the brain about many mechanical and chemical reactions in the body. In fact 95% of the body’s serotonin can be found in the gut.

Serotonin is the happiness hormone, if you feel good the level of serotonin is high. The gastrointestinal tract is sensitive to emotions, stress, anxiety and depression.

Illnesses of the digestive system.

Celiac disease.

It is caused by a permanent intolerance for gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. The body´s immune system reacts against the protein gluten. You can find wheat flour in many food: bread, soap, pasta, pizza, cookies, cakes…

Cancer colon.

It is a disease of the large intestine. Malignant cells ( cancer ) are formed in the tissues of the colon ( part of the body´s digestive system ). Signs include blood in the stool or a change in our intestine habits.

Thank you for your attention !!!